The application of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to mosquito control is based on the systematic release of large numbers of adult males that have been previously sterilized by irradiation. Ionizing radiation doses inducing full sterility also cause somatic damages that reduce the capacity of the treated males to compete with wild males. The optimal dose inducing high levels of male sterility and minimal impact on competitiveness can be assessed by establishing a dose-response curve. Sub-sterile males are, to a variable degree, still fertile and might be able to transmit to the progeny and following generation(s) sub-lethal random mutations resulting from irradiation. To investigate this, we treated Ae. albopictus male pupae with a sub-sterilizing (2–4 % of egg hatching) dose of gamma rays and explored expressed mutated genes in treated males and their progeny using RNA-seq. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called using two independent pipelines. Only SNPs common to both pipelines (less than 5 % of the total SNPs predicted) were considered reliable and were annotated to genes. Over 600 genes with mutations likely induced by irradiation were found in the treated Ae. albopictus males. A part of the genes found mutated in irradiated males were also found in (and therefore probably passed on to) males of the F1 and F2 progeny, indicating that genetic variations induced by irradiation may be transmitted along generations. The mutated genes in irradiated males did not seem to significantly affect biological processes, except in one case (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation). Only in four cases (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation, UDP-glucose metabolic process, proton transmembrane transport and riboflavin metabolism) we found biological processes to be significantly affected by mutated genes that were likely transmitted to the male progeny. Our results suggest that random mutations induced by a sub-sterilizing dose of gamma ray in Ae. albopictus male pupae and transmitted to the male progeny of the irradiated mosquitoes do not affect biological processes potentially harmful, from a public-health point of view.
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